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Henley College: Lynda Hammond
Lynda Hammond has led a significant development in professional learning through the use of HOW2s that helped secure a very satisfactory Ofsted inspection.
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Published in Learning Matters
Schemas and Memory
Inside teachers’ heads are subject schemas — the meaningful connections of individual facts. If we want students to develop such schemas, why not show them as part of teachers’ explanations?
Where the information being learned has a framework or structure that can be used to organise both the learning and the retrieval then memory is often considerably improved.
I’ve been obsessed with schema for decades. Once only a specialised topic of conversation, this psychological term is now seen as relevant in the context of the growing focus on knowledge and memory.
This post concentrates on how teacher explanation holds the key to developing students’ own schemas.
Transmission
If knowledge is more than the mere collection of isolated facts — and if teachers have these facts neatly connected into personal schema — then why hide them from students? Now that teacher explanation is being recognised for its premier role in teaching, the transmission of subject schema is a pedagogy whose time has surely come.
The packets that organise information and make sense of experience are ‘schemas’, the building blocks of cognition.
Encoding
The original research by Allan Paivio (see here) on dual encoding has been replicated again and again since the 1970s. Simultaneous processing in the two channels (visual and auditory) means more information can be absorbed without causing any cognitive overload.
The message for teachers is clear: support your explanations with relevant conceptual images.
People learn better from graphics and words, than from words alone
Elaboration
Providing students with a visual schema gives them a framework for speaking and listening. Simply seeing the connections that link the facts together prompts and structures their explanations. This forging of meaning strengthens students’ personal schema. It also serves as a practical rehearsal for any future writing on the topic.
Elaboration strengthens learning and memory.
Retrieval
The meaning created by the previous elaboration activity was, at the same time, strengthening the memory of the schema. Indeed, instead of being opposites — as many teacher contend — these are actually one and the same thing!
Redrawing the visual schema will strengthen it still further. Repeat the redrawing exercise at increasing time intervals to ensure it stays firmly lodged and accessible in long term memory.
Understanding is memory in disguise.
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Visual Access to Knowledge
I presented at last week’s InclusionMeet on the topic of how to improve teacher explanation so every student can access the meaning behind the words. Here’s what I said.